Source
Higher education: tuition fees
Department for Education impact assessment, 2025
Real-terms change in the English undergraduate fee cap.
Decision one: freeze the price, then act surprised about arithmetic
Blame, Responsibility and Other Unfunded Activities
Chapter 14
The Decisions Deferred
Sources supporting this chapter, with the manuscript section they relate to and a note explaining how each item contributes.
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- Sources
- 3
- Further reading
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- Chapter sections
Showing all 22 references
Evidence used
Sources
Material used to support factual claims and explanations in this chapter.
Source
Higher education reform to back opportunity and protect students
Department for Education, 4 November 2024
The 2025/26 fee increase and its policy context.
Decision one: freeze the price, then act surprised about arithmetic
Source
The Higher Education (Fee Limits and Fee Limit Condition) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2026
UK Statutory Instrument 2026 No. 329
The 2026/27 fee limits.
Decision one: freeze the price, then act surprised about arithmetic
Source
Post-16 education and skills white paper
Department for Education, 2025
Announced fee uprating policy for 2027/28 and beyond.
Decision one: freeze the price, then act surprised about arithmetic
Source
Research financial sustainability: insights paper 2025
UK Research and Innovation, 2025
UKRI funding practice and research financial sustainability.
Decision two: demand world-class research, fund it as a part-cost activity
Source
Annual TRAC 2023–24: sector analysis
Office for Students, 2025
Research cost-recovery data.
Decision two: demand world-class research, fund it as a part-cost activity
Source
Using Research England's formula-based funding
UK Research and Innovation
The purpose and use of Research England's flexible block funding.
Decision two: demand world-class research, fund it as a part-cost activity
Source
USS publishes 2024 Report and Accounts
Universities Superannuation Scheme, 29 July 2024
The January 2024 USS employer contribution reduction.
Decision three: let cost shocks arrive as weather
Source
Teachers' Pension Scheme Annual Report and Accounts 2024–25
Department for Education, 2025
The April 2024 employer contribution increase.
Decision three: let cost shocks arrive as weather
Source
Autumn Budget 2024
HM Treasury, 30 October 2024
Employer National Insurance changes from April 2025.
Decision three: let cost shocks arrive as weather
Source
The financial impact of government policy decisions on universities
Universities UK, June 2025
Sector estimate of the National Insurance cost to English universities.
Decision three: let cost shocks arrive as weather
Source
International Education Strategy: 2021 update
Department for International Trade and Department for Education, 6 February 2021
Historical export and recruitment ambitions.
Decision four: treat international students as a revenue line and a political problem
Source
Student visa: your partner and children
GOV.UK
Current eligibility for international students to bring dependants.
Decision four: treat international students as a revenue line and a political problem
Source
The UK's International Education Strategy 2026
Department for Business and Trade and Department for Education, 2026
Current export ambition and approach to sustainable international recruitment.
Decision four: treat international students as a revenue line and a political problem
Source
Strategy to boost UK education abroad in major £40bn growth drive
Department for Business and Trade and Department for Education, 2026
Removal of the former in-country student-number target.
Decision four: treat international students as a revenue line and a political problem
Source
Financial sustainability of higher education providers in England: 2026
Office for Students, 2026
Current sector financial context.
The convenient uses of delay
Source
Protecting students when providers are at risk of closing
Office for Students
The regulator's role and limitations during provider closure.
Decision five: imagine exit, but do not build it
Source
Condition C4: Student protection directions
Office for Students
Regulatory directions for student protection and market exit.
Decision five: imagine exit, but do not build it
Source
Higher Education Restructuring Regime
Department for Education, 2020
The temporary pandemic-era last-resort support regime.
Decision five: imagine exit, but do not build itThe shared pattern
Go deeper
Further reading
Selected contextual material that extends or complements the chapter.
Further reading
Explainer: QR funding and the REF
UK Research and Innovation, 2023
Background on quality-related research funding.
Chapter-wide context
Further reading
Graduate route: rapid review
Migration Advisory Committee, 2024
Competitor countries, post-study work policy and effects on the sector.
Chapter-wide context
Further reading
Higher Education and Research Act 2017
UK Parliament, 2017
Statutory background to the English regulatory system.
Chapter-wide context
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