Source
Higher education reform to back opportunity and protect students
Department for Education — 4 November 2024
The 2025/26 increase in the English undergraduate fee cap.
Stop making erosion the default
Blame, Responsibility and Other Unfunded Activities
Chapter 18
What Government Must Change
Sources supporting this chapter, with the manuscript section they relate to and a note explaining how each item contributes.
- 21
- Sources
- 7
- Further reading
- 8
- Chapter sections
Showing all 28 references
Evidence used
Sources
Material used to support factual claims and explanations in this chapter.
Source
Higher education: tuition fees
Department for Education impact assessment — 2025
The real-terms loss in the value of the £9,250 cap and the transfer of costs among providers, students and taxpayers.
Stop making erosion the default
Source
The Higher Education (Fee Limits and Fee Limit Condition) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2026
UK Statutory Instrument 2026 No. 329
The fee limits for 2026/27.
Stop making erosion the default
Source
Post-16 education and skills white paper
Department for Education — 20 October 2025, updated 21 November 2025
Future fee indexation and quality conditions, research-cost recovery and the government's wider higher education programme.
Stop making erosion the defaultMake research subsidy visible
Source
The UK's International Education Strategy 2026
Department for Business and Trade, Department for Education and Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office — 20 January 2026
The current education-export ambition and approach to sustainable international recruitment.
Stop treating international students as a policy tap
Source
Strategy to boost UK education abroad in major £40bn growth drive
Department for Business and Trade and Department for Education — 20 January 2026
Removal of the former target for the number of international students studying in the UK.
Stop treating international students as a policy tap
Source
Immigration Rules Appendix Graduate
Home Office — updated 1 July 2026
The eighteen-month Graduate route for most eligible applications from 1 January 2027.
Stop treating international students as a policy tap
Source
Home Secretary action delivering major cut in migration
Home Office — 30 April 2024
The early change in student-dependant applications after the January 2024 restriction.
Stop treating international students as a policy tap
Source
Exemption and partial exemption from VAT
HM Revenue & Customs
The effect of exempt supplies on recovery of input VAT.
Remove the tax penalty on collaboration
Source
CSE1050: What is the Cost Sharing Exemption?
HM Revenue & Customs — updated 5 March 2026
The scope and limitations of the VAT cost-sharing exemption.
Remove the tax penalty on collaboration
Source
Finance Act 2012
UK Parliament
The statutory basis and principal conditions of the cost-sharing exemption.
Remove the tax penalty on collaboration
Source
Principles of full economic costing
UK Research and Innovation / Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council — updated 12 March 2026
The normal 80 per cent full-economic-cost basis for research-council awards.
Make research subsidy visible
Source
Annual TRAC 2023–24: Sector summary and analysis by TRAC peer group
Office for Students — 10 June 2025
Aggregate research income, cost and recovery figures for England and Northern Ireland and the UK summary.
Make research subsidy visible
Source
Using Research England's formula-based funding
UK Research and Innovation
The role of flexible formula funding in supporting the wider research base.
Make research subsidy visible
Source
UKRI Delivery Plan 2026 to 2027
UK Research and Innovation — July 2026
Current commitments on research-cost recovery and university-based research and innovation funding.
Make research subsidy visible
Source
The OfS strategy 2025 to 2030
Office for Students
The regulator's commitment to risk-based regulation.
Regulate proportionately, not performatively
Source
How we monitor financial performance
Office for Students — updated 23 July 2026
The five-category financial-risk framework, escalating engagement and market-exit planning.
Regulate proportionately, not performativelyBuild a restructuring regime before the collapse
Source
Proposals for a new approach to consumer and student protection: Proposal 5
Office for Students — 16 April 2026
The consultation on replacing the existing student-protection-plan condition.
Regulate proportionately, not performatively
Source
Protecting students when providers are at risk of closing
Office for Students — 20 October 2025
The regulator's role and its lack of power to prevent closure or funds to mitigate its effects.
Build a restructuring regime before the collapse
Source
Higher Education and Funding: Threat of Insolvency and International Students
House of Commons Education Committee — 12 May 2026
Recommendations on early warning, insolvency, VAT, international students and student protection, including evidence for and against a special regime.
Stop treating international students as a policy tapRemove the tax penalty on collaborationBuild a restructuring regime before the collapse
Source
Higher Education and Funding: Threat of Insolvency and International Students: Government Response
Department for Education response published by the House of Commons Education Committee — 22 July 2026
The government's current positions on research recovery, regulation, VAT, immigration coordination and a special higher education insolvency regime.
Stop treating international students as a policy tapRemove the tax penalty on collaborationBuild a restructuring regime before the collapse
Go deeper
Further reading
Selected contextual material that extends or complements the chapter.
Further reading
Fit for the Future: Independent Review of the Office for Students
Department for Education — 26 July 2024
Recommendations on the focus, proportionality, efficiency and governance of the English regulator.
Regulate proportionately, not performatively
Further reading
Research financial sustainability: insights paper 2025
UK Research and Innovation — 2025
Analysis of research costs, recovery and institutional behaviour.
Chapter-wide context
Further reading
Financial sustainability of higher education providers in England: 2026
Office for Students — 14 May 2026, corrected 15 June 2026
Current sector financial context and provider forecasts.
Chapter-wide context
Further reading
Higher education restructuring regime
Department for Education — 2020; withdrawn 2021
The temporary pandemic-era last-resort support scheme for eligible English providers.
Chapter-wide context
Further reading
Further education bodies: insolvency guidance
Department for Education — updated 24 January 2020
The insolvency and education-administration regime for further education and sixth-form college corporations.
Build a restructuring regime before the collapse
Further reading
Graduate route rapid review
Migration Advisory Committee / Home Office — 2024
Evidence on the purpose and effects of the post-study work route before its later reduction.
Chapter-wide context
Further reading
International Education Strategy: 2021 update
Department for International Trade and Department for Education — 6 February 2021
The superseded education-export and international-student targets, retained for historical comparison.
Stop treating international students as a policy tap
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